Gregarious Winter Roosting and Early Morning Perching Behavior of American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) in the Imperial Valley, California

Map of California (inset), the Imperial Valley (A, white outline), citrus groves (B, dashed outline), observation point (star), high tension towers (black dots) and power lines (white line), where 30 and 61 American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) were observed perching and/or emerging from a communal roost on 14 and 15 January 2013. Most kestrels emerged from the citrus grove southwest of the observation point and perched on and between the three towers immediately south of the observation point. (Microsoft Imagery: 5 February 2011).