Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
 | 
Online Publication Date: 01 Mar 2017

Species Composition, Timing, and Weather Correlates of Autumn Open-Water Crossings By Raptors Migrating Along the East-Asian Oceanic Flyway

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Page Range: 25 – 37
DOI: 10.3356/JRR-16-00001.1
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Abstract

Raptor migration rarely involves long-distance movements across open oceans. One exception occurs along the East-Asian Oceanic Flyway. We collected migration data at two terrestrial hawkwatch sites along this flyway to better understand open-ocean movements along this largely overwater corridor. At the northern end of the Philippines, at Basco on the island of Batan, we recorded 7587 migratory raptors in autumn 2014. Near the southern end of the Philippines, at Cape San Agustin on the island of Mindanao, we recorded 27,399 raptors migrating in autumn 2012. Chinese Sparrowhawks (Accipiter soloensis) were the most common raptors observed, making up approximately 89% and 92% of total records for Basco and Cape San Agustin, respectively. The Grey-faced Buzzard (Butastur indicus) was the second most common raptor migrant, accounting for 8% of the total counts at both watch sites. The migration period was about 1–2 wk earlier at Basco, the more northerly site, than at Cape San Agustin. Overwater flights at Basco peaked in both the morning and late afternoon, whereas at Cape San Agustin there was only a morning peak. In general, the rate of migration passage at both sites was highest with clear skies when winds were blowing from the northwest. However, we observed interspecific differences in migration behavior at both sites, with Accipiters more likely to be observed with tailwinds and eastward winds, and Grey-faced Buzzards more likely observed with headwinds. These results help to characterize poorly known aspects of raptor biology and to identify potential migratory bottlenecks or key sites for raptor conservation in little-studied Philippine tropical ecosystems.

Resumen

La migración de rapaces raramente implica movimientos de larga distancia a través de mares abiertos. Una excepción sucede a lo largo de la Ruta Migratoria Oceánica del Este Asiático. Obtuvimos datos de migración en dos puntos terrestres de observación de rapaces a lo largo de esta ruta migratoria para comprender mejor los movimientos sobre mar abierto a lo largo de este corredor ubicado en su mayor parte sobre el agua. Durante el otoño de 2014, en el extremo norte de Filipinas, en Basco, Isla de Batan, registramos 7587 rapaces migratorias. Cerca del extremo sur de Filipinas, en el Cabo San Agustín, ubicado en la Isla de Mindanao, registramos 27,399 rapaces migrando en otoño de 2012. Accipiter soloensis fue la especie observada con mayor frecuencia, constituyendo aproximadamente el 89% y el 92% de los registros totales en Basco y Cabo San Agustín, respectivamente. Butastur indicus fue la segunda especie rapaz migratoria, constituyendo el 8% del total de los conteos en ambos lugares de observación. El periodo de migración comenzó de una a dos semanas antes en Basco, el lugar más septentrional, que en Cabo San Agustín. Los vuelos sobre el agua en Basco mostraron sus valores más altos durante la mañana y al final de la tarde, mientras que en Cabo San Agustín hubo sólo un pico, durante la mañana. En general, la tasa de paso migratorio más elevada tuvo lugar en ambos lugares en condiciones de cielo despejado cuando los vientos fueron provenientes del noroeste. Sin embargo, observamos diferencias inter-específicas en el comportamiento migratorio en ambos lugares, con mayor probabilidad de observar accipítridos con condiciones de viento de cola o con dirección hacia el este, y mayor probabilidad de observar individuos de B. indicus con vientos de cara. Estos resultados contribuyen a la caracterización de aspectos poco conocidos de la biología de aves rapaces y a identificar potenciales cuellos de botella migratorios o sitios clave para la conservación de rapaces en los ecosistemas tropicales poco estudiados de Filipinas.

[Traducción del equipo editorial]

Copyright: © 2017 The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc. 2017
Figure 1. 
Figure 1. 

Geographic locations of watchsites in the Philippines where migration counts were conducted in 2012 (Cape San Agustin) and 2014 (Basco). Map on the left shows the entire Philippines with the location of watchsites (•). The top right inset (a) shows the location of the watchsite at Basco and part of Taiwan, which is 180 km north, and mainland Luzon of the Philippines, 280 km south. The bottom right map (b) shows the location of the watchsite at Cape San Agustin on the island of Mindanao, as well as the northernmost islands of Indonesia (Sulawesi), 170 km south.


Figure 2. 
Figure 2. 

Within-season distribution of autumn migration flights observed at (a) Basco (25 August–19 October 2014) and (b) Cape San Agustin (12 September–30 October 2012), Philippines. Vertical dashed line shows the first day that observers were present. Asterisks show first and last days of count. These data did not allow us to assess interannual variation in migration behavior. Because sampling periods were not identical, the start and end of some seasonal distributions may not be represented in these data.


Figure 3. 
Figure 3. 

Time of day of autumn migration flights observed at Basco (25 August–19 October 2014) and Cape San Agustin (12 September–30 October 2012), Philippines. Migration flights were observed from 0530 H to 1730 H (Basco) and 0600 H to 1530 H (Cape San Agustin).


Figure 4. 
Figure 4. 

Average passage rates of all raptors counted per hour during different (a) wind directions and (b) wind speeds (m/sec) during autumn migration at Basco (25 August–19 October 2014) and Cape San Agustin (12 September–30 October 2012), Philippines. Standardized categories for wind speeds were based on the Beaufort scale (Hasse 2015).


Figure 5. 
Figure 5. 

Coefficient estimates for generalized linear mixed models for weather conditions associated with hourly autumn passage rates for Basco (25 August–19 October 2014) and Cape San Agustin (12 September–30 October 2014), Philippines. U and V wind components were measured using handheld, digital anemometer. Cloud cover was the estimated percent of sky with background cloud cover. Bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Statistical significance indicated by number of asterisks: * indicates P < 0.05, ** indicates P < 0.01, *** indicates P < 0.001).


Figure 6. 
Figure 6. 

Coefficient estimates for generalized linear model for weather conditions associated with Accipiter and Grey-faced Buzzard hourly autumn passage rates for (a) Basco (25 August–19 October 2014) and (b) Cape San Agustin (12 September–30 October 2012), Philippines. U and V wind components were measured using handheld, digital anemometer. Cloud cover was the estimated percent of sky with background cloud cover. Bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Statistical significance indicated by number of asterisks: * indicates P < 0.05, ** indicates P < 0.01, *** indicates P < 0.001).


Contributor Notes

Email address: cbconcepcion@gmail.com

Associate Editor: Christopher J. Farmer

Received: 04 Jan 2016
Accepted: 26 Aug 2016
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