Annual Variability and the Influence of Embryonic Development On Red-shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus) Eggshell Characteristics
Red-shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus) eggs were examined to determine whether mass, eggshell thickness, and a thickness index corrected for egg shape and blowhole size changed as embryos developed. Four different stages of embryonic development (fresh, slight, large, and advanced) were described by the collector (C.F. Stone), or inferred from blowhole diameter measurements, for 286 Red-shouldered Hawk eggs collected in the late 1800s and early 1900s in central New York State. We examined changes in eggshell mass, thickness, and thickness index with linear mixed models with year of collection and clutch size specified as random variables. We also evaluated annual differences in eggshell characteristics with linear mixed models. There was an 8.8% decrease in eggshell mass between eggs with fresh and advanced embryos at the time of collection (F3,242 = 3.4, P = 0.02). Eggshell thickness tended to decrease by 7.5% between eggs with fresh and advanced embryos, but the difference was not significant (F3,119 = 2.06, P = 0.11). The thickness index also did not change due to stage of embryonic development. The year in which eggs were collected influenced eggshell mass (F12,187 = 2.35, P = 0.008) and the thickness index (F12,188 = 2.68, P = 0.002), but not thickness. This is the first study of eggs collected from wild raptors that demonstrates the magnitude of the effect embryonic development has on eggshell characteristics. Se examinaron los huevos de Buteo lineatus para determinar si la masa, el grosor de la cáscara del huevo y el índice de grosor corregido por la forma del huevo y por el tamaño de la cámara de aire cambiaron a medida que los embriones se desarrollaron. Se describieron cuatro etapas del desarrollo embrionario (inicial, escaso, grande y avanzado) por parte del recolector (C.F. Stone) o se infirieron a partir de medidas del diámetro de la cámara de aire, para 268 huevos de B. lineatus recolectados a finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX en la región central del Estado de Nueva York. Examinamos los cambios en la masa de la cáscara del huevo, grosor e índice de grosor mediante modelos lineales mixtos, tomando el año de la recolección y el tamaño de la nidada como variables aleatorias. También se evaluaron las diferencias anuales en las características del huevo con modelos lineales mixtos. Hubo una disminución del 8.8% en la masa de la cáscara del huevo entre huevos con embriones iniciales y avanzados en el momento de la recolección (F3,242 = 3.4, P = 0.02). El grosor de la cáscara del huevo tendió a disminuir un 7.5% entre huevos con embriones iniciales y avanzados, pero la diferencia no fue significativa (F3,119 = 2.06, P = 0.11). El índice de grosor tampoco cambió entre las etapas del desarrollo embrionario. El año en el que los huevos fueron recolectados influyó en la masa de la cáscara del huevo (F12,187 = 2.35, P = 0.008) y en el índice de grosor (F12,188 = 2.68, P = 0.002), pero no en el grosor. Este es el primer estudio de huevos recolectados de rapaces silvestres que demuestra la magnitud del efecto del desarrollo embrionario sobre las características de la cáscara del huevo. [Traducción del equipo editorial]Abstract
Resumen

The stage of embryonic development was related to blowhole diameter in 171 Red-shouldered Hawk eggs (F3,111 = 70.4, P < 0.0001). Based on these results, the stage of embryonic development was inferred for an additional 115 eggs that lacked a description of development. Total sample sizes are indicated here above each bar. Error bars represent 1 SE.

Eggshell thickness measurements of Red-shouldered Hawk eggs collected in the late 1800s and early 1900s in central New York State.

Annual variability in mass, thickness, and thickness index. The year of egg collection significantly influenced mass and the thickness index (see Results), but not eggshell thickness. Error bars represent 1 SE. Years with fewer than seven eggs available for analysis were not included.

Red-shouldered Hawk eggshell mass was influenced by the stage of embryonic development (F3,242 = 3.4, P = 0.02). Error bars represent 1 SE. Eggshells with advanced embryos were approximately 9% lighter than those of less developed stages. Note that there was little change in mass until the advanced stage of development.

Eggshell thickness as a function of stage of embryonic development tended to decrease as embryos aged, but this relationship was not statistically significant (F3,119 = 2.06, P = 0.11). Error bars represent 1 SE.

Association between the corrected thickness index of Red-shouldered Hawk eggs and actual eggshell thickness (r2 = 0.40).
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