Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
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Online Publication Date: 01 Jun 2017

Correlation Between Feather Isotopes and Body Condition for Swainson's Hawks, and Implications for Migration Studies

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Page Range: 107 – 114
DOI: 10.3356/JRR-15-00002.1
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Abstract

The study of individual movement patterns using stable hydrogen isotopes (δ2H) as a natural marker has grown; however, recent studies have suggested that measurement of δ2H in feathers (δ2Hf) may prove unreliable as a means for identifying region of origin of migrating or wintering birds, particularly raptors. In this study, we examine whether differences in body condition could explain some of the variability in δ2H in feathers. We analyzed growing feathers of 21 Swainson's Hawks breeding in northern CA for δ2H, nitrogen (δ15N), and carbon (δ13C) stable isotopes in relation to body condition. We found that δ2H was variable (range = 40‰), and that variability was significantly associated with body condition. Raptors derive most or all of their moisture from prey. Therefore, we suggest that individuals in poor condition have an enriched pool of body water relative to individuals in good condition, due to fractionation of body water stores during respiratory water loss and metabolic processes. Body condition was also negatively correlated with δ15Nf. However, δ2Hf, δ15Nf, and δ13Cf were not correlated, suggesting that the relationship between δ2Hf and body condition is a result of physiological processes rather than differences in dietary δ2H. We used an isotopic basemap of δ2Hf values to assess individual origin as if they were encountered naively on the migration or wintering grounds, and all individuals fell within the 95% confidence interval of our study area. Conversely, the 95% confidence interval of δ2Hf values obtained encompassed almost the entire breeding range of this species, indicating little ability to differentiate origins of this species.

Resumen

El estudio de los patrones de movimiento individual utilizando isótopos estables de hidrógeno (δ2H) como marcador natural ha aumentado; sin embargo, estudios recientes han sugerido que la medición de δ2H en plumas (δ2Hf) puede ser poco fiable como medio para identificar la región de origen de aves migratorias o invernantes, particularmente en rapaces. En este estudio, examinamos si las diferencias en la condición corporal pueden explicar parte de la variabilidad de δ2H en las plumas. Analizamos los isótopos estables de δ2H, nitrógeno (δ15N) y carbono (δ13C) en las plumas en crecimiento de 21 individuos de B. swainsoni reproductores que crían en el norte de California en relación a la condición corporal. Encontramos que el isótopo δ2H fue variable (rango = 40‰) y que dicha variabilidad estuvo significativamente asociada con la condición corporal. Las rapaces obtienen la mayor parte del agua que consumen a partir de sus presas. Por lo tanto, sugerimos que los individuos en malas condiciones presentan una reserva de agua corporal enriquecida en relación a los individuos en buenas condiciones, debido al fraccionamiento de las reservas de agua corporal durante la pérdida de agua por respiración y a los procesos metabólicos. La condición corporal también estuvo negativamente relacionada con el isótopo δ15Nf. Sin embargo, δ2Hf, δ15Nf, y δ13Cf no estuvieron correlacionados, lo que sugiere que la relación entre δ2Hf y la condición corporal es el resultado de procesos fisiológicos más que de las diferencias en el δ2H proveniente de la dieta. Utilizamos un mapa base isotópico de valores de δ2Hf para evaluar el origen individual como si fueran encontrados espontáneamente durante la migración en las áreas de invernada y todos los individuos cayeron dentro del intervalo de confianza del 95% de nuestra área de estudio. Por el contrario, el intervalo de confianza del 95% de los valores de δ2Hf obtenidos incluyó la casi totalidad del área reproductiva de esta especie, indicando la escasa capacidad para diferenciar los orígenes de esta especie.

[Traducción del equipo editorial]

Copyright: © 2017 The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc. 2017
Figure 1. 
Figure 1. 

Isotopic compositions of hydrogen (δ2H; a) and nitrogen (δ15N; b) of growing feathers of breeding adult Swainson's Hawks in Butte Valley, CA U.S.A. Model estimates (solid lines) and 95% confidence intervals (dashed lines) of the relationship between isotope and body condition as measured by the residuals of an SMA regression.


Figure 2. 
Figure 2. 

Isotopic basemap to naively estimate origins of Swainson's Hawks trapped in Butte Valley, CA, from 2008–2010. Estimates were based on feather δ2H values following Hobson et al. (2009) from feathers collected from known-source raptors. All feathers used in the analysis were growing at the time of capture and should reflect values from within the study area (white circle). Diagonal barring indicates breeding range of the Swainson's Hawk (Bechard et al. 2010).


Contributor Notes

Present address: Biology Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Road, Clinton, NY 13323 U.S.A.; email address: cwbriggs@hamilton.edu

Associate Editor: Pascual López-López

Received: 18 Jan 2015
Accepted: 08 Dec 2016
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