The Use of Mobile Nesting Platforms to Reduce Electrocution Risk to Ferruginous Hawks
Electrocution on low-voltage power lines is a well-known source of mortality for raptors. Electrocution risk is particularly high for large raptors that can bridge components and make lethal contact, and for raptors living in open landscapes where power poles can be attractive nest or perching sites. Thus, large, grassland-obligate species like the Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis), a legally endangered and threatened species in Alberta and Canada, respectively, are at high risk of electrocution. We used mobile (temporary) versions of artificial nest platforms (ANP) to relocate Ferruginous Hawks nesting on power poles at two sites on Canadian Forces Base Suffield, in Alberta, Canada. At one of these sites an adult female and a fledgling were electrocuted in 2014 and 2015, respectively, prior to introduction of a mobile ANP. In 2016, we relocated this nest to a mobile ANP 23 m away from the original nest pole, and the nesting attempt was successful. In 2017, we installed nest deterrents and insulation on the original nest pole and we installed a permanent ANP 465 m away. From 2017 to 2019, we moved the mobile ANP in stages toward the permanent ANP, with Ferruginous Hawks either nesting on or occupying the mobile ANP each year. We anticipate Ferruginous Hawks transferring to the permanent ANP soon. We also attempted our mobile-ANP-to-permanent-ANP approach at a similar power pole elsewhere on the base in 2016. In 2017, a Ferruginous Hawk pair nested on the permanent ANP so we removed the mobile ANP. This pair did not return in 2018 or 2019. Despite mixed results, use of mobile ANPs as a tool to move nesting raptors away from power poles that are not avian-safe may be a viable electrocution mitigation strategy. La electrocución en líneas eléctricas de bajo voltaje es una fuente de mortalidad bien conocida para las rapaces. El riesgo de electrocución es particularmente alto para las rapaces de gran tamaño que pueden puentear componentes y generar un contacto letal como también para las rapaces que viven en paisajes abiertos donde los postes eléctricos pueden ser sitios atractivos para anidar o posarse. Por ende, las especies grandes de pastizal como Buteo regalis, una especie legalmente en peligro de extinción y amenazada en Alberta y Canadá, respectivamente, tienen un alto riesgo de electrocución. Usamos versiones móviles (temporales) de plataformas artificiales de anidación (PAA) para reubicar individuos de B. regalis anidando sobre postes eléctricos en dos sitios en la base de fuerzas canadienses de Suffield, en Alberta, Canadá. En uno de estos sitios, una hembra adulta y un volantón se electrocutaron en 2014 y 2015, respectivamente, antes de la introducción de una PAA móvil. En 2016, reubicamos este nido a una PAA móvil ubicada a 23 m del poste original de nidificación, y el intento de cría fue exitoso. En 2017, instalamos inhibidores del nido y aislamiento en el poste original de cría e instalamos una PAA permanente a 465 m de distancia. De 2017 a 2019, movimos en etapas la PAA móvil hacia la PAA permanente, con los halcones ya sea anidando u ocupando la PAA móvil cada año. Anticipamos que los halcones se transferirán pronto a la PAA permanente. También ensayamos nuestro ensayo de PAA móvil a PAA permanente en un poste eléctrico similar en otro sitio de la base en 2016. En 2017, una pareja de B. regalis anidó en la PAA permanente, por lo que quitamos la PAA móvil. Esta pareja no regresó en 2018 o 2019. A pesar de estos resultados contradictorios, el uso de PAA móviles como herramienta para alejar a las rapaces que nidifican en postes eléctricos que no son seguros para las aves puede ser una estrategia viable de mitigación de la electrocución. [Traducción del equipo editorial]
Abstract
Resumen

Map of the overhead low-voltage (<25 kV) distribution power line network, Site 1 and Site 2, and boundary of Canadian Forces Base Suffield, Alberta, Canada.

An example of the mobile artificial nest platforms we installed at two sites on Canadian Forces Base Suffield to divert Ferruginous Hawk nesting from power poles.

An example of a permanent artificial nest platform and two branching poles we installed at two sites on Canadian Forces Base Suffield to accommodate safe nesting of Ferruginous Hawks away from power poles.

Orientation of the bypass switch (target) pole (A), permanent artificial nest platform with branching poles (B), and the mobile artificial nest platform (marked by year) at Site 1 (a) and Site 2 (b). In both (a) and (b), stars indicate nest occupancy (defined as in Steenhof et al. 2017), and Xs indicate inactivity in a given year. The two figures are not to scale.

Triangular fiberglass nest deterrents added to bypass switch poles at Site 1 and Site 2 prior to the 2017 nest season.

Example of the type of poles involved in Ferruginous Hawk electrocutions. This riser pole comprises three conductors (the wires connecting this pole to the next pole), a grounded switch arm (all non-energized components on the crossarm are bonded together to a ground wire), three switches (used to sectionalize electrical energy sources), three lightning arrestors (used to divert the energy of lightning strikes to the earth), and three stress cones (devices used to reduce the loss of electricity at connection points). With the exception of lightning arrestor caps, no avian protection exists on this pole.
Contributor Notes
Associate Editor: James F. Dwyer