Use of Tail Feather Traits to Determine Sex of Adult Grey-Faced Buzzards (Butastur indicus)
Sex identification is an important research topic in avian ecology because easy and accurate sex identification is useful for studies of evolution, behavior, and population dynamics. We used field photographs to measure the markings on the tail feathers of adult Grey-faced Buzzards (Butastur indicus) breeding in Japan to elucidate the attributes that allow individual sex determination. We labeled the dark, horizontal bands B1, B2, and B3, starting from the tip of the tail feathers and proceeding toward the base; we designated the light, horizontal band between B1 and B2 as W1, and the light, horizontal band between B2 and B3 as W2. To clarify the difference between the tail feathers of the sexes, we measured the ratio of W2 to W1 (W2/W1) of the right tail feather 3, right tail feather 4, left tail feather 3, and left tail feather 4, and calculated the average of these four values (average W2/ W1). We tested these ratios using the Brunner-Munzel test to determine whether they discriminated the sexes. We found that the four individual feather ratios differed significantly between males and females. In addition, males and females could be reliably distinguished using the average W2/W1. This method can be widely used for fast, non-invasive sexing of Grey-faced Buzzards because it does not require sophisticated techniques. Uso de las Características de las Plumas de la Cola Para Determinar el Sexo de los Adultos de Butastur indicus La identificación del sexo es un tema de investigación importante en ecología de aves porque una identificación fácil y exacta del sexo es útil para los estudios de evolución, comportamiento y dinámica poblacional. Usamos fotografías de campo para medir las marcas en las plumas de la cola de los adultos de Butastur indicus que crían en Japón para dilucidar los atributos que permiten la determinación del sexo individual. Etiquetamos las bandas horizontales oscuras B1, B2 y B3, comenzando desde la punta de la pluma de la cola y avanzando hacia la base; designamos a la banda horizontal clara entre B1 y B2 como W1, y a la banda horizontal clara entre B2 y B3 como W2. Para clarificar las diferencias entre las plumas de la cola de los sexos, medimos el cociente de W2 con W1 (W2/W1) de la pluma derecha de la cola 3, pluma derecha de la cola 4, pluma izquierda de la cola 3 y pluma izquierda de la cola 4, y calculamos el promedio de estos cuatro valores (promedio W2/W1). Evaluamos estos cocientes usando el test de Brunner-Munzel para determinar si permitían discriminar entre sexos. Encontramos que los cuatro cocientes individuales de las plumas variaron significativamente entre machos y hembras. Adicionalmente, los machos y las hembras podrían ser distinguidos de modo fiable usando el promedio W2/W1. Este método puede ser ampliamente usado para determinar de modo rápido y no invasivo el sexo de B. indicus porque no requiere técnicas sofisticadas. [Traducción del equipo editorial]
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Labels given to the bands on tail feathers of Grey-faced Buzzards. The third and fourth tail feathers on the left and right were designated R3, R4, L3, and L4, respectively. The dark horizontal bands were labeled B1, B2, and B3; the light horizontal bands were designated W1 and W2.

Average W2/W1 of male and female Grey-faced Buzzards in Japan. The open circles indicate the measured values of the average W2/W1 for each sex. The middle part of the boxplot indicates the mean value, and the upper and lower extents indicate the standard error.

Tail feathers of adult male (A, B, C) and female (D, E, F) Grey-faced Buzzards, showing the visually apparent lower W2/W1 ratio of males.
Contributor Notes
1 All authors contributed equally; email address: raptorecologist@gmail.com
Associate Editor: Sean S. Walls