Garbage Dump Use, Mortality, and Microplastic Exposure of Raptors in Ushuaia, Tierra Del Fuego Province, Southern Argentina
Organic waste in garbage dumps serves as an easily obtained food subsidy for many species globally, with a variety of both positive and negative effects on animals' reproductive and health parameters. However, in some regions, such as southern Patagonia, this phenomenon remains unstudied. In Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina, seven species of facultative and obligate scavenging raptors have been recorded using the garbage dump. During November 2018 to September 2019, we assessed seasonal garbage dump use by facultative and obligate scavenging raptors in Ushuaia, Argentina, and recorded abundance, mortality events, and microplastic ingestion. We observed up to 225 raptors of five species foraging in the deposit zone of the garbage dump, with a fourfold overall increase in early winter compared to the other seasons. We recorded 17 dead raptors of three species, and we identified shooting, entanglement, plastic ingestion, and electrocution as the causes of mortality. Even in samples collected from control birds not associated with the garbage dump, 80–90% of the excreta samples contained microplastics. We suggest that raptors at the Ushuaia garbage dump may serve as sentinel species for environmental monitoring programs, which can facilitate evidence-based conservation management. Uso de Vertederos, Mortalidad y Exposición a Microplásticos en Rapaces de Ushuaia, Provincia de Tierra del Fuego, Sur de Argentina Los desechos orgánicos en los vertederos sirven como una fuente de alimento complementario de fácil obtención para muchas especies en todo el mundo, con una variedad de efectos tanto positivos como negativos sobre sus parámetros reproductivos y de salud. Sin embargo, hay regiones, como la Patagonia austral, donde este fenómeno aún no se ha estudiado. En el vertedero de Ushuaia, provincia de Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, se han registrado siete especies de rapaces carroñeras facultativas y obligadas. Durante noviembre de 2018 a septiembre de 2019, evaluamos el uso estacional del vertedero por rapaces carroñeras obligadas y facultativas y registramos su abundancia relativa, eventos de mortalidad e ingestión de microplásticos. Observamos hasta 225 individuos de cinco especies diferentes alimentándose en la zona de depósito del vertedero. Comparado con otras estaciones, a principios del invierno observamos un aumento del 400% en su número. Registramos 17 individuos muertos pertenecientes a tres especies diferentes, siendo las causas de mortalidad identificadas disparos, enredos, ingestión de plástico y electrocución. El 80–90% de las muestras de las heces de los individuos, incluyendo aquellas muestras tomadas de aves control no asociadas con el vertedero, contenían microplásticos. Sugerimos que las aves rapaces del vertedero de Ushuaia pueden ser consideradas como especies centinelas para los programas de monitoreo ambiental que podrían facilitar planes de conservación basados en evidencia. [Traducción de los autores editada]ABSTRACT
RESUMEN

Study area and sampling sites used to observe raptor use of a garbage dump (Ushuaia), determine mortality of raptors near the dump, and determine prevalence of plastics in raptor excreta at three sites (the garbage dump, urban forests at the northern edge of Ushuaia, and Estancia Harberton) from November 2018 through September 2019 on Tierra del Fuego, Argentina.

Number of raptors using the active deposit zone of the garbage dump, counted once per season, and average daily temperature recorded at the weather station of Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (SIAG 2020), Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, between November 2018 and September 2019.

Dead scavenging raptors found in and near the Ushuaia garbage dump located on Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, between November 2018 and September 2019. Causes of mortality included (A) shooting, (B) entanglement, (C) macroplastic ingestion (large piece of plastic lodged in crop), and (D) shooting (all specimens found over a short period of time in 2018). Photo credits: (A), (C), and (D) Amira Salom; (B) Elsa Uribarri.

Microplastics found in the excreta of scavenging raptors in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, between November 2018 and September 2019. Pictures represent plastics found in excreta of (A) a Southern Caracara in a forest within the city limits of Ushuaia, (B) a Southern Caracara feeding at the garbage dump in Ushuaia, and (C) a Southern Caracara in a forest within the city limits of Ushuaia. Scale bars represent 1 mm. These photos were taken under a 40×-powered microscope and compared to images to microplastics found in a study conducted by Ory et. al (2018).
Contributor Notes
1Email address: gracie.bouker@gmail.com
2 These authors contributed equally to this project.