Breeding Success of Cape Vultures (Gyps coprotheres) at Colonies in the Tswapong Hills, Botswana
The endangered Cape Vulture (Gyps coprotheres), a southern African endemic, breeds on precipitous cliffs in various habitats. Some colonies of this cliff-nesting species are found in the southeast (Mannyelanong Hill) and east (Tswapong Hills and adjacent complexes) of Botswana. Of six breeding sites studied in the Tswapong Hills complex from 1992 to 1999, only two large colonies near the villages of Goo-Moremi (Bonwalenong site) and Goo-Tau (Manong Yeng site) and one small colony near Lerala (Kukubye site) still hold breeding vultures. In 2017 and 2018 we used direct observations to estimate the breeding population and breeding success of Cape Vultures at the Bonwalenong and Manong Yeng colonies, and we compared our findings with data from the 1990s. We identified 261 nests in 2017 and 362 nests in 2018, and monitored them throughout the breeding season. Breeding success at the two sites differed significantly between the 2 yr of our study (2017 and 2018). However, breeding success at Manong Yeng in 2017–2018 did not differ significantly from that documented in the earlier study (1992–1999). Our results also suggested relatively stable numbers of breeding pairs in the Tswapong Hills between 1992–1999 and 2017–2018. Cape Vultures in the Tswapong Hills require continued monitoring and research to better understand population dynamics and the key factors influencing breeding success and nestling survival. Éxito Reproductivo de Gyps coprotheres en Colonias de las Sierras de Tswapong, Botsuana El buitre Gyps coprotheres, considerado en peligro de extinción y endémico del sur de África, nidifica en roquedos escarpados presentes en diversos ambientes. Algunas colonias de esta especie, ubicadas en roquedos, se localizan en el sureste (Sierra de Mannyelanong) y este (Sierra de Tswapong y complejos adyacentes) de Botsuana. De seis lugares de cría estudiados en el complejo de las Sierras de Tswapong desde 1992 hasta 1999, solo quedan buitres nidificando en dos grandes colonias cerca de los pueblos de Goo-Moremi (sitio Bonwalenong) y Goo-Tau (sitio Manong Yeng) y una pequeña colonia cerca de Lerala (sitio Kukubye). En 2017 y 2018 realizamos observaciones directas para estimar la población reproductora y el éxito reproductor de G. coprotheres en las colonias de Bonwalenong y Manong Yeng, y comparamos nuestros resultados con los datos obtenidos en los años noventa. Identificamos 261 nidos en 2017 y 362 nidos en 2018, y los seguimos a lo largo de la época de cría. El éxito reproductor en los dos lugares varió significativamente entre los dos años de estudio (2017 y 2018). Sin embargo, el éxito reproductor en Manong Yeng en 2017–2018 no varió significativamente del éxito reproductor previamente documentado (1992–1999). Nuestros resultados también sugieren que el número de parejas reproductoras en las Sierras de Tswapong entre 1992–1999 y 2017–2018 se mantiene relativamente estable. Los individuos de G. coprotheres presentes en las Sierras de Tswapong requieren seguimiento e investigación continua para entender mejor la dinámica poblacional y los factores clave que influyen sobre el éxito reproductor y la supervivencia de los polluelos. [Traducción del equipo editorial]ABSTRACT
RESUMEN

Locations of the two large Cape Vulture (Gyps coprotheres) colonies in the Tswapong Hills, Central District, Botswana.

Number of Cape Vulture breeding pairs in 1992–1999 and 2017–2018 at the Bonwalenong and Manong Yeng breeding sites, Botswana. Data are incomplete or missing for 1994–1995 at both sites. During 1996–1997, there were no nests at the Bonwalenong colony.

Breeding success estimates (± 95% CI) for Cape Vultures (Gyps coprotheres) at Bonwalenong and Manong Yeng, Botswana.

Breeding success at the three breeding sites, 2017–2018 (Kruskal-Wallis test results; P < 0.001). M = Manong Yeng cliff face, N = Bonwalenong north-facing cliff, and S = Bonwalenong south-facing cliff.

Number of breeding pairs and number of successful nests for Cape Vultures at Manong Yeng, Botswana. Data are missing for 1994–1995 for both numbers of breeding pairs and successful nests; for 1992–1993 and 1996, only the number of breeding pairs was reported.

Percent of Cape Vulture (Gyps coprotheres) nests surviving throughout the 2017 and 2018 breeding seasons at the three cliff faces of the two breeding sites in Tswapong Hills, Botswana. Bonwalenong has the north and south facing cliffs whereas Manong Yeng has only one long southeast facing cliff.
Contributor Notes
1 Email address: tsaonegoi@yahoo.com or tsaoneraptorsbotswana@gmail.com