Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
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Online Publication Date: 15 Sept 2021

Ecogeography of Plumage Pigmentation in Great Horned Owls

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Page Range: 524 – 538
DOI: 10.3356/JRR-20-105
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ABSTRACT

Plumage pigmentation is fundamental to a bird's phenotype, with pigment deposition causing relative crypsis or conspicuousness, depending on the environmental context. Geographic variation in plumage melanin tends to be predictable, suggesting that aspects of climate cause local matching of plumage to environment via genetic adaptation. Ecogeographic rules describe this predictability: Gloger's rule predicts that populations in wetter and warmer environments will be more pigmented; Bogert's Rule predicts more pigmentation in cold environments. The Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus) exhibits extensive geographic variation in the degree of melanin-based pigmentation. We examined fine-scale spatial variation in owl plumage melanism along environmental gradients in southwestern North America. We tested whether variation is explained by either of two non-mutually exclusive hypotheses: (1) a history of allopatric divergence between subspecies or (2) in situ local adaptation consistent with ecogeographic rules. The allopatric divergence hypothesis predicts a bimodal distribution of plumage melanism, with a geographic cline across a zone of secondary contact, whereas the local adaptation hypothesis predicts that climate explains variation independently of geography. Using a colorimeter, we measured coloration in 101 museum specimens of breeding-season Great Horned Owls that had been obtained from variable environments and elevations. Specimens previously identified as separate subspecies were distinguishable by colorimetry. Plumage lightness, however, was continuously distributed, rather than bimodal. While accounting for males having reduced pigmentation relative to females, linear models revealed that lighter plumage was associated with low latitude, low elevation, high temperature, and low precipitation. These findings suggest that variation in Great Horned Owl plumage pigmentation is best understood as continuous ecogeographic variation, consistent with ecogeographic predictions, and currently maintained in situ along multiple environmental gradients that characterize the “sky island” topography of the southwestern USA.

RESUMEN

Eco-Geografía de la Pigmentación del Plumaje en Bubo Virginianus

La pigmentación del plumaje es fundamental para el fenotipo de un ave, y la deposición de los pigmentos causa que un ave sea críptica o conspicua, según el contexto ambiental. La variación geográfica en la melanina del plumaje tiende a ser predecible, lo que sugiere que los aspectos del clima causan una correspondencia local del plumaje con el medio ambiente a través de la adaptación genética. Las reglas eco-geográficas describen esta previsibilidad: la regla de Gloger predice que las poblaciones en ambientes más húmedos y cálidos estarán más pigmentadas; la regla de Bogert predice más pigmentación en ambientes fríos. Bubo virginianus exhibe una amplia variación geográfica en el grado de pigmentación a base de melanina. Examinamos la variación espacial a escala fina en el melanismo del plumaje de los búhos a lo largo de gradientes ambientales en el suroeste de América del Norte. Probamos si la variación se explica por alguna de dos hipótesis no excluyentes entre sí: (1) una historia de divergencia alopátrica entre subespecies o (2) adaptación local in situ consistente con las reglas eco-geográficas. La hipótesis de la divergencia alopátrica predice una distribución bimodal del melanismo del plumaje, con una clina geográfica a través de una zona de contacto secundario, mientras que la hipótesis de adaptación local predice que el clima explica la variación independientemente de la geografía. Utilizando un colorímetro, medimos la coloración en 101 especímenes de museo de B. virginianus con plumaje reproductivo que habían sido colectados en ambientes y altitudes variables. Los especímenes previamente identificados como subespecies separadas fueron distinguidos por colorimetría. La claridad del plumaje, sin embargo, se distribuyó de forma continua, en lugar de bimodal. Si bien se tuvo en cuenta que los machos tienen una pigmentación reducida en comparación con las hembras, los modelos lineales revelaron que el plumaje más claro estuvo asociado con una latitud baja, una altitud baja, una temperatura alta y una precipitación baja. Estos hallazgos sugieren que la variación en la pigmentación del plumaje de B. virginianus se entiende mejor como una variación ecogeográfica continua, consistente con las predicciones eco-geográficas, y que actualmente se mantiene in situ a lo largo de múltiples gradientes ambientales que caracterizan la topografía de “isla del cielo” del suroeste de EEUU.

[Traducción del equipo editorial]

Copyright: © 2021 The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc. 2021
Figure 1.
Figure 1.

Predictions of Gloger's and Bogert's Rules along elevation gradients in southwestern North America.


Figure 2.
Figure 2.

Comparison of patterns of predicted melanin pigmentation in scenarios of allopatric divergence with secondary contact versus in situ evolution due to ongoing natural selection.


Figure 3.
Figure 3.

Interspersed locations and CIELAB colors of 101 Museum of Southwestern Biology Great Horned Owl skin specimens. The shade of each point represents the desaturated average color of each specimen's feet and back based on the measured CIELAB lightness (L*), greenness-redness (a*), and blueness-yellowness (b*). For full color interpretation, see the online version.


Figure 4.
Figure 4.

Plots of predicted combined back and foot lightness (L*) of 101 adult resident southwestern Great Horned Owls by latitude and elevation while controlling for elevation and sex, and latitude and sex, respectively, using the best fitting linear models (Table 3). The lines represent the significant linear relationship between the predicted lightness points and elevation (βelevation=–0.010; SE=0.0043; P=0.021) and latitude (βlatitude=–5.05; SE=0.371; P< 0.001). The shade of each point represents the desaturated average color of each specimen's feet and back based on the measured CIELAB lightness (L*), greenness-redness (a*), and blueness-yellowness (b*). For full color interpretation, see the online version.


Figure 5.
Figure 5.

Plots of predicted combined back and foot lightness (L*) of 101 adult resident southwestern Great Horned Owls by precipitation, temperature, and solar radiation while controlling for sex and latitude, sex, and sex and elevation, respectively using the best fitting linear models (Table 3). The lines represent the linear relationships between the predicted lightness points and temperature (βtemperature = –0.078, SE = 0.283, P = 0.783), precipitation (βprecipitation = –0.00721, SE = 0.0108, P = 0.507), and solar radiation (βradiation = –0.000313, SE = 0.00192, P = 0.871. The shade of each point represents the desaturated average color of each specimen's feet and back based on the measured CIELAB lightness (L*), greenness-redness (a*), and blueness-yellowness (b*). For full color interpretation, see the online version.


Contributor Notes

1 Email address: pmattison@unm.edu

Associate Editor: Christopher J. W. McClure

Received: 20 Aug 2020
Accepted: 19 Apr 2021
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