Morphometric Sex Identification of Nestling and Free-Flying Tasmanian Wedge-Tailed Eagles (Aquila audax fleayi)
The endangered Tasmanian Wedge-tailed Eagle (Aquila audax fleayi) is the focus of continued research and conservation efforts. A tool for accurate and efficient identification of the sex of individuals would be a valuable aid to research and management. However, plumages are monomorphic between the sexes, making sex identification difficult without molecular analyses. Our aim was to assess whether Tasmanian Wedge-tailed Eagles of different age classes could be sexed accurately using morphological measurements. We took measurements of 25 live late-stage eagle nestlings and 108 carcasses of free-flying birds found opportunistically throughout Tasmania. Sex of all individuals was confirmed via genetic analyses. Free-flying birds were larger than nestlings; thus, we used age-specific statistical tools to distinguish the sexes. For both nestlings and free-flying birds, females were significantly larger than males, but overlap between the sexes prevented accurate sex identification using any single measurement. We used stepwise linear discriminant function analyses to select morphometric measurements necessary for accurate sex identification. Free-flying birds could be sexed with 97.6% accuracy using a combination of measurements of the forearm length, tarsus width (i.e., lateromedial width), and hallux length. Late-stage nestlings (9–10 wk old) could be sexed with 95.4% accuracy using measurements of the hallux width (i.e., lateromedial width), hallux breadth (i.e., anteroposterior width of hallux), and tarsus breadth (i.e., anteroposterior width of the tarsometatarsus at the narrowest point). The discriminate functions we present also allow the identification of sex in cases where morphological sex identification may be in doubt and molecular analyses should be prioritized. These equations provide a valuable research tool for studies of sexual differences in behavior and causes of mortality of this endangered subspecies. Identificación Morfométrica del Sexo de Aquila audax fleayi en Polluelos y Adultos de Vida Libre
Aquila audax fleayi, especie en peligro de extinción, es objeto de esfuerzos continuos de investigación y conservación. Disponer de una manera precisa y eficiente para identificar el sexo de los individuos de esta especie sería una ayuda valiosa para su investigación y manejo. Dado que el plumaje no difiere entre los sexos, la identificación de machos y hembras resulta difícil sin análisis moleculares. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar si los individuos de A. a. fleayi de diferentes clases de edad podrían sexarse con precisión utilizando morfometría. Con este fin, tomamos medidas de 25 polluelos vivos en etapa tardía y de 108 cadáveres de águilas adultas de vida libre encontradas de modo oportunista a través de Tasmania. El sexo de todos los individuos fue confirmado por medio de análisis genéticos. Las aves adultas libres fueron más grandes que los polluelos; por ende, usamos herramientas estadísticas específicas para cada edad para distinguir entre los sexos. Tanto para los polluelos como para las aves adultas, las hembras fueron significativamente más grandes que los machos, pero la superposición entre los sexos impidió la identificación precisa del sexo usando cualquier medida de forma independiente. Usamos funciones discriminantes lineales paso a paso para seleccionar las medidas morfométricas necesarias para la identificación precisa del sexo. Las aves adultas libres pueden sexarse con una precisión del 97.6% combinando medidas correspondientes a la longitud del antebrazo, ancho (lateromedial) del tarso y cuerda del hallux. Los polluelos de estadio tardío (9-10 semanas de vida) pueden sexarse con una precisión del 95.4% midiendo el ancho (lateromedial) y el espesor (anteroposterior) del hallux y el espesor (anteroposterior) del tarsometatarso en su punto más estrecho. Las funciones discriminantes que presentamos también permiten la identificación del sexo en los casos en los que la identificación morfológica del mismo pueda estar en duda y se deban priorizar los análisis moleculares. Estas ecuaciones proporcionan una herramienta de investigación valiosa para los estudios de las diferencias sexuales de comportamiento y de las causas de mortalidad en esta subespecie en peligro de extinción. [Traducción del equipo editorial]ABSTRACT
RESUMEN

Location of free-flying and nestling Tasmanian Wedge-tailed Eagles sampled in this study. Approximate locations were recorded for 75 of 108 free-flying birds found dead or injured. Nestling (n = 25) locations are the corresponding natal nest. Nestlings were sampled from the same nest in consecutive seasons at three nest sites (indicated by asterisks), so data from these sites cannot be considered independent. Confirmed genetic sex is indicated by the symbols.

Plots representing the probability of being female according to the resulting discriminant scores from: (a) Equation 1 using tarsus width, forearm length, and hallux length to discriminate the sexes of free-flying birds; (b) Equation 2 using only tarsus width and forearm length to discriminate the sexes of free-flying birds; (c) Equation 3 using hallux width, hallux breadth, and tarsus breadth to discriminate the sexes of nestlings. The solid line signifies the cut-off where the discriminant score = 0 and the probability of being male or female is 50%. The shaded area denotes the range in discriminant scores where there is <75% probability of correct sex assignment (see Hartman et al. 2016). Confirmed genetic sex is indicated by the symbols.

Discriminant function for free-flying birds using forearm length and tarsus width. Individuals above the solid line are classified as female and below the solid line as male. Confirmed genetic sex is indicated by the symbols. The shaded area inside the dashed lines defines where the discriminant function had a <75% probability of correct sex allocation.

Morphological distribution of male and female nestling Tasmanian Wedge-tailed Eagles in respect to morphological measurements used in Equation 3 (hallux width, tarsus breadth, and hallux breadth). Confirmed genetic sex is indicated by the symbols.
Contributor Notes
1 Email address: James.Pay@utas.edu.au