Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
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Online Publication Date: 04 Aug 2021

Occupancy and Population Abundance of Two Serpent-Eagles (Spilornis elgini and S. cheela) in the Andaman Islands, India

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Page Range: 594 – 604
DOI: 10.3356/JRR-20-73
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ABSTRACT

We estimated occupancy and population abundance of the Andaman Serpent-Eagle (Spilornis elgini) and Crested Serpent-Eagle (Spilornis cheela) in the Andaman Islands, India. We divided the islands that were . 100 km2 into a grid of 84 cells, of which we used 34 cells (5 km 3 5 km each) for surveys of two populations in the districts of (1) the North and Middle Andaman Islands, and (2) the South Andaman Islands, which includes Little Andaman Island. We performed single-season, single-species occupancy modeling independently for both regions and single-season, two-species occupancy modeling for co-occupancy in the surveyed landscapes. The estimated abundance for the Andaman Serpent-Eagle and the Crested Serpent-Eagle was 4–5 and 7–8 individuals per 25 km2, respectively. The Andaman Serpent-Eagle is commonly distributed in both regions and has a high detection probability (detection probability, P ¼ 0.8). The Crested Serpent-Eagle is widely distributed in the South Andaman Islands with a low detection probability (P ¼ 0.5). The single-season, two-species occupancy model showed that the endemic Andaman Serpent-Eagle occupied only 22% of the area and did not co-occur with the Crested Serpent-Eagle. It also indicates the possible avoidance or exclusion of the Crested Serpent-Eagle by the Andaman Serpent-Eagle. We encountered both serpent-eagles in all the identified habitat types. The Crested Serpent-Eagle's habitat use was not restricted to the coastal forests, as previously reported, and the Crested Serpent-Eagle is probably dominating the Andaman Serpent-Eagle in the co-occupied areas. We further conclude that the occupancy dynamics and competition for space between these two Spilornis species might significantly affect the distribution and population of the vulnerable and endemic Andaman Serpent-Eagle in the future.

RESUMEN

Presencia de Spilornis Elgini y S. Cheela en las Islas Andamán, India

Estimamos la presencia y la abundancia poblacional de Spilornis elgini y S. cheela en las Islas Andamán, India. Dividimos las islas mayores de 100 km2 en una retícula de 84 celdas, de las que usamos 34 celdas (5 km × 5 km cada una) para los censos en (1) las Islas Andamán del Norte y Andamán del Centro, y (2) en las Islas Andamán del Sur. Desarrollamos un modelo de presencia de una sola temporada y especie de forma independiente para ambas regiones y un modelo de presencia de dos especies de una sola temporada para la presencia compartida en los paisajes estudiados. La abundancia estimada para S. elgini y S. cheela fue de 4–5 y 7–8 individuos cada 25 km2, respectivamente. S. elgini se distribuye normalmente por ambas regiones y tiene una alta probabilidad de detección (probabilidad de detección, P = 0.8). S. cheela está ampliamente distribuida en la región sur de Andamán con una baja probabilidad de detección (P = 0.5). El modelo de presencia de una sola temporada y dos especies mostró que la especie endémica S. elgini ocupó solo 22% del área y no se superpuso con S. cheela. Esto también indica que S. elgini excluye o evita S. cheela. Encontramos a ambas especies en todos los tipos de hábitats identificados. El uso de hábitat de S. cheela no se restringió a los bosques costeros, como se reportó previamente, y S. cheela está probablemente dominando a S. elgini en las áreas que comparten. Además, concluimos que las dinámicas de ocupación y la competencia por el espacio entre estas dos especies de Spilornis podría afectar significativamente en el futuro la distribución y población de S. elgini, una especie endémica y vulnerable.

[Traducción del equipo editorial]

Copyright: © 2021 The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc. 2021
Figure 1.
Figure 1.

The Andaman Islands in the northeastern portion of the Indian Ocean.


Figure 2.
Figure 2.

Grid-based (25 km2) sampling scheme for line transect survey of raptors in the study areas of North and Middle Andaman, and South Andaman Districts.


Figure 3.
Figure 3.

Hierarchical representation of the single-season, two-species occupancy model (adapted from Richmond et al. 2010).


Figure 4.
Figure 4.

Encounter frequency of raptors by species in the Andaman Islands in 2015 and 2016.


Figure 5.
Figure 5.

Distribution of Andaman Serpent-Eagle and Crested Serpent-Eagle in the Andaman Islands. Note: restricted areas depicted on the map show approximate boundaries.


Contributor Notes

1 Email address: ediblenest@gmail.com

Associate Editor: Christopher J. Farmer

Received: 19 May 2020
Accepted: 30 Nov 2020
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