Historical Accounts Provide Inference into Population Dynamics of American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) in the Northeastern USA
American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) are declining across much of North America, yet the initial timing of the population decrease is unclear. In an attempt to elucidate when kestrel declines began, we examined historical descriptions of abundance within the northeastern United States. Within The Peregrine Fund's research library, we found 54 descriptions of kestrel abundance in northeastern states dating from 1839 to 2013. Our analysis indicates a cubic trend in descriptions of kestrel abundance with a peak occurring in 1951. After that peak, the population began its current decline, yet the population appears to have been stable beforehand. That the current decline is apparent in our data set lends credence to our methodology and suggests that populations were likely secure until approximately 1951. Our results thus suggest that populations of American Kestrels in the northeastern United States began declining before systematic monitoring began in 1966. Future research should thus examine what environmental changes occurred around the early- to mid-20th century in the northeastern USA to cause population declines of American Kestrels. Los Registros Históricos Brindan Inferencias Sobre la Dinámica Poblacional de Falco sparverius en el Noreste de EEUU
Falco sparverius está disminuyendo en gran parte de América del Norte; sin embargo, desconocemos cuando comenzó este fenómeno. En un intento por responder este interrogante, examinamos descripciones históricas de su abundancia en el noreste de Estados Unidos. Consultando la biblioteca de El Fondo Peregrino, encontramos 54 descripciones de la abundancia de F. sparverius en los estados del noreste durante el período 1839–2013. Nuestro análisis indica una tendencia cúbica en los reportes de la abundancia de F. sparverius, con un máximo en 1951. Después de ese año, la población comenzó su actual disminución, aunque la población parece haber sido estable previamente. El hecho de que la disminución actual sea evidente en nuestro conjunto de datos da credibilidad a nuestra metodología y sugiere que las poblaciones probablemente estuvieron seguras hasta aproximadamente 1951. Por lo tanto, nuestros resultados sugieren que las poblaciones de F. sparverius del noreste de Estados Unidos comenzaron a disminuir antes de que comenzara el seguimiento sistemático en 1966. Investigaciones futuras deberían examinar qué cambios ambientales ocurrieron entre principios y mediados del siglo XX en el noreste de Estados Unidos para causar la disminución de esta población de F. sparverius. [Traducción del equipo editorial]ABSTRACT
RESUMEN

(A) Map of the contiguous United States highlighting the focal states (gray) in the northeastern USA. (B) Map of the focal states (gray).

Plots of an index of abundance of American Kestrels derived from descriptions of abundance within the northeastern United States of America. Each point represents a separate description (n = 54). Note that some points are slightly offset to avoid being obscured by overlapping points. (A) Cubic function of the abundance index and year. The solid line is the mean and shaded area is the 95% confidence interval. The solid vertical line represents the peak of the cubic function at 1951. (B) Linear functions of the abundance index and year pre-1951 (dashed line) and post-1951 (solid line). Shaded areas are the 95% confidence intervals.
Contributor Notes
1 Email address: cmcclure@peregrinefund.org
Associate Editor: Pascual López-López