Editorial Type:
Article Category: Brief Report
 | 
Online Publication Date: 01 Feb 2022

Breeding Ecology of the Hook-Billed Kite (Chondrohierax uncinatus) in Belize, Central America

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Page Range: 220 – 229
DOI: 10.3356/JRR-21-12
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ABSTRACT

Little is known about the breeding ecology of Hook-billed Kites (Chondrohierax uncinatus). This is the first study in Belize on this highly specialized, secretive, and uncommon Neotropical raptor species, which is showing a decreasing population trend according to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. We monitored six Hook-billed Kite nesting attempts over a 3-yr period (2012–2014), presumably all involving the same pair nesting at a single location in the Cayo District of Belize, Central America. For each nesting attempt, we documented phenology, nest and nest-site characteristics, incubation and nestling periods, productivity, and diet. Of the six nests where eggs were observed, three had two eggs. Fledging production averaged 1.7 ± 0.5 (SD) young per nesting attempt. The male and female equitably shared incubation roles (male = 49%, female = 51%) and hunted to feed themselves during the incubation period, which is uncommon in raptors. The nestling period ranged from 20–27 d between 3 May and 18 October. Fledging coincided with or occurred after the onset of the wet season. Prey delivered to the nests comprised two species of arboreal land snails: Orthalicus princeps (99%) and Euglandina ghiesbreghti (1%). Three of the six nesting attempts occurred consecutively in 2014 and produced a combined total of five fledglings (first and third attempts fledged two young and second attempt fledged one young). This represents the first observation of successful triple brooding among Hook-billed Kites during a single breeding season. Triple brooding rarely occurs among raptors and more typically follows early nesting failure. Understanding the basic breeding biology of Hook-billed Kites is important given their highly specialized ecology, which makes them especially vulnerable to climate change and habitat loss.

RESUMEN

Ecología Reproductiva de Chondrohierax uncinatus en Belice, Centroamérica

Se sabe poco sobre la ecología reproductiva de Chondrohierax uncinatus. Este es el primer estudio en Belice sobre esta especie de rapaz neotropical altamente especializada, huidiza y poco común, que está mostrando una tendencia poblacional decreciente según la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza. Seguimos seis intentos de anidación de C. uncinatus durante un período de 3 años (2012–2014), presumiblemente todos involucrando a la misma pareja anidando en un solo lugar en el Distrito de Cayo de Belice, Centroamérica. Para cada intento de anidación, documentamos la fenología, las características del nido y del sitio de anidación, los períodos de incubación y anidación, la productividad y la dieta. De los seis nidos donde se observaron huevos, tres presentaron dos huevos. La producción de volantones promedió 1,7 ± 0,5 (DE) crías por intento de anidación. El macho y la hembra compartieron equitativamente los roles de incubación (macho = 49%, hembra = 51%) y cazaron para alimentarse durante el período de incubación, lo cual es poco común en las aves rapaces. El período de cría osciló entre 20 y 27 días entre el 3 de mayo y el 18 de octubre. El emplumamiento coincidió con el inicio de la temporada de lluvias o se produjo posteriormente. Las presas entregadas a los nidos comprendieron dos especies de caracoles terrestres arbóreos: Orthalicus princeps (99%) y Euglandina ghiesbreghti (1%). Tres de los seis intentos de anidación ocurrieron consecutivamente en 2014 y produjeron un total combinado de cinco polluelos (el primer y tercer intento dieron como resultado dos crías y el segundo intento tuvo como resultado una cría). Esto representa la primera observación de una triple nidada exitosa para C. uncinatus durante una sola temporada reproductiva. La triple nidada rara vez ocurre entre las aves rapaces y más típicamente se da después de una falla temprana de anidación. Comprender la biología reproductiva básica de C. uncinatus es importante dada su ecología altamente especializada, que los hace especialmente vulnerables al cambio climático y a la pérdida de hábitat.

[Traducción del equipo editorial]

Copyright: © 2022 The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc. 2022
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Figure 1.
Figure 1.

Hook-billed Kite nests built and used in 2014 in Belize, presumably all by the same pair: (A) Nest 1 in a Platymiscium dimorphandrum tree with two nestlings (fledged between 29 and 31 May); (B) Nest 2 in an Acacia glomerosa tree with an incubating female (one young fledged on 12 August); (C) Nest 3 in a Ceiba pentandra tree with two young (fledged between 14 and 18 October).


Figure 2.
Figure 2.

Percentage of time a pair of adult Hook-billed Kites spent incubating eggs during a 2013 (11 June–9 July) nesting attempt in Belize. No data were collected on incubation days 9, 10, 16, 17, 26, and 28.


Figure 3.
Figure 3.

Total number of prey deliveries by hour of the day (CST; n = 478) during the nestling and post-fledging period by male and female Hook-billed Kites during a 2013 nesting attempt in Belize.


Figure 4.
Figure 4.

Relationship between the number of prey items delivered daily by adult Hook-billed Kites and the age of nestlings during a 2013 nesting attempt in Belize.


Contributor Notes

Associate Editor: Jeff P. Smith

Received: 17 Feb 2021
Accepted: 17 Aug 2021
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