Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
 | 
Online Publication Date: 13 May 2024

Distribution, Nesting Records, and Notes on the Ecology of the White-throated Caracara (Phalcoboenus albogularis)

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Page Range: 193 – 206
DOI: 10.3356/JRR-23-53
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ABSTRACT

Endemic to Patagonia, the White-throated Caracara (Phalcoboenus albogularis) is one of the least studied caracara species, with several aspects of its ecology, such as breeding biology and diet, largely unexplored. Using citizen science records and opportunistic observations, we obtained data on the breeding biology, nest sites, and diet of the species in Chile and Argentina. Nests were in rocky outcrops and cliffs, and aspects of diet corroborated others’ observations that this species feeds on live prey as well as carrion. The species’ nesting season apparently begins in September and ends in March, with some regional variation. The modal brood size is two, and many nests apparently are used across multiple years. Using citizen science data, we created the first distribution models for the White-throated Caracara, one for the breeding season and one for the winter season. The species predominantly occupies the highland plateaus of western Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, and the Andes Range from around 40° south to southern Tierra del Fuego. The models indicate a mostly consistent distribution without significant latitudinal changes between seasons and, apparently, only a limited transition to lower-elevation areas east of the Andes in winter. In both seasons, this caracara is associated primarily with barren rocky areas and Andean and sub-Andean herbaceous steppe—all open environments—rather than forested areas as has been thought previously. This study provides new knowledge of this regional endemic yet the species remains a poorly known raptor in southern South America. Additional and on-the-ground field research would likely produce benefits when addressing species-related conservation issues.

RESUMEN

DISTRIBUCIÓN, REGISTROS DE NIDIFICACIÓN Y NOTAS SOBRE LA ECOLOGÍA DE PHALCOBOENUS ALBOGULARIS

Endémico de la Patagonia, Phalcoboenus albogularis es una de las especies menos estudiadas de caracara, con varios aspectos fundamentales de su ecología, como la biología reproductiva o la dieta, en gran medida desconocidos. Aprovechando información de plataformas de ciencia ciudadana y observaciones oportunistas, en este trabajo recopilamos información sobre biología reproductiva, sitios de nidificación y dieta de la especie en Chile y Argentina. Los nidos estuvieron en roquedos y acantilados y los datos de dieta corroboran observaciones previas que indican que la especie se alimenta de presas vivas y carroña. La temporada reproductiva de P. albogularis comienza aparentemente en septiembre y termina en marzo, aunque con cierta variación regional. El tamaño de nidada modal fue de dos polluelos. Muchos nidos son usados todos los años por la especie que se reproduce frecuentemente con éxito. Utilizando datos de ciencia ciudadana, creamos los primeros modelos de distribución de la especie, tanto de la época reproductiva como de la época invernal. La especie ocupa principalmente las mesetas de altura del oeste de la provincia de Santa Cruz, Argentina, así como la cordillera de los Andes desde aproximadamente los 40° S hasta el sur de Tierra del Fuego. Los modelos indicaron una distribución consistente y sin cambios latitudinales entre temporadas y, aparentemente, solo una transición limitada hacia zonas más bajas de los Andes durante el invierno. En ambas temporadas, los ambientes donde P. albogularis fue observado con mayor probabilidad fueron las zonas rocosas sin vegetación y las estepas herbáceas andinas y subandinas, todos ambientes abiertos, totalmente distintos a las áreas boscosas que históricamente se consideraban su principal hábitat. Este estudio presenta algunos avances en el conocimiento sobre este endemismo regional, aunque todavía sigue siendo una de las rapaces menos conocidas de Sudamérica. A futuro, se necesitarán estudios de campo específicos para evaluar las posibles amenazas que afectan a esta especie.

[Traducción de los autores editada]

Copyright: © 2024 The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc. 2024
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Figure 1.
Figure 1.

Adult White-throated Caracara (Phalcoboenus albogularis) feeding a Liolaemus sp. lizard to a nestling in a nest in the Patagonian basaltic plateaus of Santa Cruz. Photograph taken by Nicolas Berajano, 20 November 2022.


Figure 2.
Figure 2.

Nest locations of White-throated Caracaras (Phalcoboenus albogularis) recorded between 2011 and 2022 in Patagonia, Chile, and Argentina.


Figure 3.
Figure 3.

Distribution models that reflect the detection probability of the White-throated Caracara (Phalcoboenus albogularis) in Patagonia, southern South America, during the (A) breeding season and (B) winter season. Detection probabilities were calculated assuming sampling by a standard observer for a duration of 1 hr and covering a distance of 1 km. Predictions were made as of 1 January 2021 for the breeding season model, and 1 July 2021 for the winter season model. The maps have a resolution of 2.5 minutes latitude. Dark blue reflects lower probability of detection and yellow areas the highest probability of detection.


Figure 4.
Figure 4.

Importance of environmental variables as predictors in the distribution models for the White-throated Caracara in the breeding season and winter season, according to the Gini index. Higher index values indicate greater importance of the variables.


Figure 5.
Figure 5.

Partial dependence plots of the nine most important environmental variables as identified by the best model for predicting the probability of detection of the White-throated Caracara during the breeding season (November through February). The model was developed using presence records of White-throated Caracaras and absences inferred from checklists (2010 to 2023) obtained from the eBird Basic Dataset (2023). X-axes titles and units of measure are denoted at the top of each graph.


Figure 6.
Figure 6.

Partial dependence plots of the nine most important environmental variables as identified by the best model for predicting the probability of detection of the White-throated Caracara during the winter season (May through August). The model was developed using presence records of White-throated Caracaras and absences inferred from checklists (2010 to 2023) obtained from the eBird Basic Dataset (2023). X-axes titles and units of measure are denoted at the top of each graph.


Contributor Notes

Corresponding author: manuhola@yahoo.es

Associate Editor: Joan L. Morrison

Received: 20 Jun 2023
Accepted: 24 Feb 2024
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